パソコンに必ず搭載されている必須なパーツ、それは中央演算装置(Central Processing Unit) CPUです。 いわばコンピューターの頭脳です。現在では、3GHｚオーバーのクロックと、2MBのキャッシュメモリーを実装する技術まで革新が進むこと34年、初期のCPUはパーツとしての大きさは現在とあまり変わっていませんが、中身は当時ではまったく想像がつかないほど進化しています。

　世界最初のマイクロプロセッサ「インテル4004」は、1971年11月15日に「Electronic News」誌に広告が掲載された。
　日本のビジコン株式会社からの電卓用LSIの発注がもととなって開発された製品で、Intelのテッド・ホフ氏とビジコンから派遣された嶋正利氏との共同開発のエピソードはよく知られている。
製造プロセスは10μm、3×4mmのダイサイズに2,300個のトランジスタを集積し、クロック108kHzで駆動した。
　その後、8bitの8008/8080を開発、1979年に開発された8088がIBM PCに採用されて以来、16bitの8086/80286、32bitの80386/80486(i486)、そしてPentium以降Pentium II/III/4と進化を続けている。

■CPU発売年表

1971/11/15
Intel 4004 4bit 108KHz
Manufacturing process 10 micron P-channel silicon gate MOS technology 2,300 transistors
Data bus width 4 bit Package 16-pin Ceramic DIP
Speed (MHz) 0.74
Physical memory 640 bytes (RAM) and 4 KB (ROM)

1972
Intel 8008 8bit
Manufacturing process 10 micron 3,500 transistors
Data bus width 8 bit Package 18-pin side-brazed ceramic DIP
Speed (MHz) 0.5
Physical memory (KB) 16
Virtual memory None / Floating Point Unit None

1974
Intel 8080 8bit 2MHz 4,500Transistors

1978/6/8
Intel 8086 16bit 5/6/8/10MHz
Manufacturing process 3 micron N-channel, depletion load, silicon gate technology (HMOS) 29,000 transistors
Data bus width 16 bit Package 40-pin side-brazed ceramic DIP
Physical memory 1MB

1979
Intel 8088 16bit 5/8MHz 29,000Transistors

Intel 8087 math coprocessor

1980
Intel 186 16bit 25MHz

1981
NEC V20 16bit

NEC V30 16bit

1982
Intel 80286 16bit 8/10/12.5/20MHz
Manufacturing process 1.5 micron 134,000 transistors
Package 68-pin plastic LCC
Physical memory 16MB
Virtual memory 1GB
Floating Point Unit 80287

1985
Intel 386DX 32bit 20/25/33MHz 275,000Transistors

1988
Intel 386SX 32bit-16bit 20/25/33MHz
Manufacturing process High Speed CHMOS IV Technology 1 micron
Data bus width 16 (external) / 32 (internal) bit
Package 100-pin Plastic Quad Flatpack Package
Physical memory 16MB
Virtual memory 64TB
Floating Point Unit None

1989
Intel 486DX 32bit 33MHz 1,200,000Transistors

1990
Intel 386SL 32bit-16bit 20/25/33MHz

1991
Intel 486SX 32bit 25/33MHz
Manufacturing process 0.8 and 1 micron 1,185,000 transistors (1 micron) and 900,000 transistors (0.8 micron)
Data bus width 32 bit
Package 168-pin Pin Grid Array 1.75" x 1.75" (4.45 cm x 4.45 cm)
Specification numbers SX431 SX545
On-chip peripherals Memory management unit
Other features Low Power version
Physical memory 4GB
Virtual memory 64TB
Level 1 cache size 8 KB 4-way set associative unified code and data cache
Floating Point Unit 80487SX co-processor

Intel 486DX/50 32bit 50MHz

1992
Intel 486DX2/50 32bit 50MHz

Intel 486SL 32bit 1,400,000Transistors

1993
Intel Pentium 32bit 60/66/75/90/100/120/133/150/166/200MHz 3,200,000Transistors

1994/3/7
Intel Pentium 90MHz
Manufacturing process 0.6 micron 3.2 million transistors
Data bus width 32 (64 bit data bus) bit
Package 296-pin Staggered Ceramic Pin Grid Array, 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Socket 5 and Socket 7
Speed 90MHz
Bus frequency 60MHz
Clock multiplier 1.5Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 8 KB code and 8 KB write-back data
Floating Point Unit Integrated
ICOMP 2 index 81

Intel 486DX2/66 32bit 66MHz

Intel 486 OverDrive
Data bus width 32 bit
Package 169-pin Pin Grid Array 1.75" x 1.75" (4.45 cm x 4.45 cm)
Speed 66MHz
Bus frequency 33MHz
Clock multiplier 2
Specification numbers SZ903 SZ933
On-chip peripherals Memory management unit
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 8 KB 4-way set associative unified code and data cache
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Intel 486DX4 32bit 75/100MHz

1995
AMD AM5x86 32bit 133MHz

Cylix 6x86

Intel PentiumPro 32bit 150/180/200MHz
Manufacturing process 0.35 micron BiCMOS process 5.5 million transistors
Package 387-pin Modified Staggered Plastic Pin Grid Array with aluminium heat spreader
2.66" x 2.46" (7.76 cm x 6.25 cm)
Level 1 cache size 8 KB code and 8 KB data
Level 2 cache size 1 MB

1996
AMD K5 4,300,000Transistors
Manufacturing process 0.35 micron 3-layer-metal CMOS 4.3 million transistors
Package 296-pin Staggered Ceramic Pin Grid Array, 1.952" x 1.952" (4.96 cm x 4.96 cm)
Level 1 cache size 16 KB code and 8 KB writeback data, software controlled
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Cylix MediaGX

1997/8/4
Intel Pentium MMX overdrive 180
Manufacturing process 0.35 micron CMOS process
Data bus width 32 (64 bit data bus) bit
Package 320-pin staggered ceramic PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm)
Socket Socket 5 and Socket 7
Speed 180MHz (60 MHz bus speed) 150 (50 MHz bus speed)
Bus frequency 60MHz or 50MHz
Clock multiplier 3
Other features MMX technology
Overdrive processor for Pentium MMX 75, 90, 100 and 150
CPUs Level 1 cache size 16 KB code cache and 16 KB write-back data cache
Floating Point Unit Integrated

AMD K6 166-300MHz
Manufacturing process 0.35 micron 8.8 million transistors
Data bus width 32 bit
Package 321-pin ceramic staggered PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Socket 7
Other features MMX multimedia instructions
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 32 KB code with pre-decode cache 32 KB writeback data
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Cylix 6x86MX 150-333MHz

Intel MMXPentium 166/200/233/266MHz

Intel Pentium!! 233-300MHz
Manufacturing process 0.25 micron, 7.5 million transistors
Data bus width 32 (64 bit data bus) bit
Package Single Edge Contact Cartridge 5.505" x 2.473" x 0.647" (13.98 cm x 6.28 cm x 1.64 cm) Socket Slot 1
Level 1 cache size 16 KB code 16 KB data Level
2 cache size 512 KB unified cache running at 1/2 of processor frequency
Floating Point Unit Integrated

1998
AMD K6-2 266-533MHz
Manufacturing process 0.25 micron 9.3 million transistors
Data bus width 32 bit Package 321-pin ceramic staggered PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Super 7
Other features MMX and 3D Now! multimedia instructions
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 32 KB code with 20 KB pre-decode cache 32 KB writeback data
Floating Point Unit Integrated

AMD K6-3 400-550MHz
Manufacturing process 0.25 micron 21.3 million transistors
Data bus width 32 bit Package 321-pin ceramic staggered PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Socket 7 (66 MHz bus); Super 7 (95 MHz bus)
Other features MMX and 3D Now! multimedia instructions
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 32 KB instruction cache with additional 20 KB pre-decode cache 32 KB writeback data
Level 2 cache size 256 KB full speed
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Intel Celeron 233-433MHz
0.25 micron 19 million transistors
Data bus width 32 bit Package Single Edge Processor
Package 5" x 2.275" (12.7 cm x 5.78 cm)

1999
AMD Athlon
K7 Argon (Model 1) Slot A IA32 (x86), 3DNow! , MMX SECC 500MHz-700MHz 100MHz DDR (200MHz) ~22 Million 128KB 512KB (Off Die ) 0.25μ No 1999 4 (4 tested)

AMD Athlon
K75 Pluto (Model 2) Slot A IA32 (x86), 3DNow! , MMX SECC 550MHz-850MHz 100MHz DDR (200MHz) ~22 Million 128KB 512KB (Off Die ) 0.18μ No 1999 2 (2 tested)

AMD Athlon
K75 Orion (Model 2) Slot A IA32 (x86), 3DNow! , MMX SECC 900MHz-1GHz 100MHz DDR (200MHz) ~22 Million 128KB 512KB (Off Die ) 0.18μ No 1999-2000 1 (1 tested)

Intel Pentium!!! 450-600MHz Katmai
Data bus width 32 (64-bit data bus) bit
Package Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2 (SECC2) Socket Slot 1 (SC242)
Bus frequency133MHz
Other features MMX technology
SSE instructions Level 1 cache size 16 KB instruction cache 16 KB data cache
Level 2 cache size Half-speed in-package 512 KB
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Intel Celeron PPGA
Manufacturing process 0.25 micron 19 million transistors
Data bus width 32 bit
Package 370-pin Plastic Staggered Pin Grid Array 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Socket 370 (PGA370)
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 16 KB code 16 KB data
Level 2 cache size 128 KB
Floating Point Unit Integrated

2000
AMD Athlon Thunderbird 700MHz-1.4GHz 100MHz-133MHz DDR (200MHz-266MHz)
Socket 462 (Socket A), Slot A IA32 (x86), 3DNow! , MMX
~37 Million
L1 128KB
L2 256KB
0.18μ

AMD Duron Spitfire
Package 453-pin staggered ceramic PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket
Socket A (Socket 462)
Other features MMX technology 3DNow!
Level 1 cache size 64 KB code 64 KB data
Level 2 cache size 16-way on-die 64 KB Floating
Point Unit Integrated

Intel Pentium!!! 600-1000MHz Coppermine
Manufacturing process 0.18 micron
Data bus width 32 (64-bit data bus) bit
Package 370-pin flip-chip PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm)
Socket Socket 370
Other features MMX technology
SSE instructions Level 1 cache size 16 KB instruction cache 16 KB data cache
Level 2 cache size Full-speed integrated 8-way set associative 256 KB
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Intel Celeron 533-1100MHz
Manufacturing process 0.18 micron
Data bus width 32 bit Package 370-pin Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm)
Physical memory 4GB
Level 1 cache size 16 KB code 16 KB data
Level 2 cache size 128 KB
Floating Point Unit Integrated

Intel Pentium4 Willamette
Manufacturing process 0.18 micron Data bus width 32 bit
Package Organic Land Grid Array (OLGA) package with Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) on 423-pin interposer 2.1" x 2.1" (5.33 cm x 5.33 cm) Socket Socket 423 (PGA423)
Other features SSE2
Level 1 cache size Execution trace cache holds 12K micro-operations 8 KB data cache
Level 2 cache size 256 KB 8-way associative full-speed on-die cache
Floating Point Unit Integrated

2001
AMD AthlonXP Palomino 1.4-2.25GHz (1600+ - 2800+) 133MHz-166MHz DDR (266MHz-333MHz)

Pentium4 Northwood 1.5-3.06GHz(FSB 400-533MHz)
Architecture 0.18 micron technology
L2 Cache 256 KB
Front Side Bus Speed 400-533MHz
Package FC-PGA2

2002
AMD AthlonXP Thoroughbred
Processor Core Model 8 (Thoroughbred)
Manufacturing process 0.13 micron
Package 453-pin organic PGA 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm)
Socket Socket A (Socket 462)
Other features MMX technology SSE 3DNow! Professional
Level 1 cache size 64 KB code 64 KB data
Level 2 cache size Full-speed on-die 256 KB
Floating Point Unit Integrated

2003
AMD AthlonXP Barton 1.83GHz-2.2GHz (2500+ - 3200+) 166MHz-200MHz DDR (333MHz-400MHz)
Socket 462 (Socket A) IA32 (x86), 3DNow! Professional , MMX , SSE
~54.3 Million
L1 128KB
L2 512KB
0.13μ

AMD AMD Opteron Sledgehammer
Socket 940 AMD64 (x86-64), 3DNow! Professional , MMX , SSE , SSE2
Ceramic μPGA 1.4GHz-2.4GHz 800MHz HyperTransport
~106 Million
L1 64KB
L2 1MB
0.13μ-0.09μ

AMD AthlonFX53

AMD Athlon64

2004
Intel Pentium4 Prescott

2005
Intel PentiumD 820(2.8G) 830(3.0G) 840(3.2G) DualCore Processor(2005/5)

AMD Operon264/270/275 DualCore Processor(2005/5)

AMD Athlon64 X2 Dual Core (2005/6)

And More...